2 - Schools incorporating the Life Sciences and Medicine
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Item Assessment and management of pain in older adults with dementia : a review of current practice and future directions(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008-06) Schofield, PatPain in older adults has received increasing attention within the literature during the last decade, and in the past 12 months, there have been a number of papers published that highlight several key issues in the area. In terms of pharmacology and complementary therapies, there is still a need to evaluate their use in older adults in general. We have seen guidelines introduced and we need to consider how well these are being implemented. However, most importantly, we are now seeing increasing evidence supporting the use of three behavioural pain assessment scales, which look promising for the future.Item Assessment of Pain in adults with cognitive impairment : a review of the tools(Freund, 2005-04) Schofield, Pat; Clarke, Amanda; Faulkner, Mark; Ryan, Tony; Dunham, Margaret; Howarth, AmandaThe aim of this paper is to discuss the results of a review into the literature related to chronic pain and the older adult. Several themes within the review have been identified and reported elsewhere and the final report has been published by the University of Sheffield in the form of an annotated bibliography. This report focuses upon the findings of the in relation to the assessment of pain in the adult with cognitive impairment. Issues surrounding assessment in the non-cognitively impaired older adult have also been reported elsewhere. For this paper nine studies will be discussed which report the development and testing of pain assessment scales the focus of which is upon behavioural indicators of pain. Some scales have been omitted from the review and the rationale for this decision will be discussed. Each of the selected scales will be discussed and the authors will make recommendations for both clinical practice and for future research based upon the validity, reliability and user friendliness of the scales. From the paper it can be concluded that the Abbey, DOLOPLUS-2 and PACSLAC appear to be the most reliable and valid and in terms of the “user friendliness” would be appropriate to explore further. Recommendations are made for further multi-centre evaluation of these scales.Item Talking to older people in care homes : perceptions of their pain and their preferred management strategies : results of a pilot study(Freund, 2006-06) Schofield, PatThis paper describes a qualitative study that was conducted within the care home setting o determine the pain experiences of residents, their preferred strategies and the staff attitudes and understanding about pain. An exploratory cross sectional study within six care homes within one district was conducted using several methods of data collection. The residents and staff were interviewed and a questionnaire given to a random sample of staff. Several key themes were identified by residents including a reluctance to report pain, acceptance that pain wass normal and low expectations of help from medical interventions, fear of chemical or pharmacological interventions, age related rerceptions of pain and lack of awareness of potential pain relieving strategies. Staff interviews highlighted that they wanted to know if the residents were in pain, wanting to do more and an interest in using complementary therapies. Recommendations are made for further research in this area.Item Developing annotated bibliographies : a tool for education, collaboration and research development(Elsevier, 2007) Schofield, Pat; Smith, Paula; Aveyard, BarryThe purpose of this paper is to present the process of developing an annotated bibliography as a tool for education and research. The authors of the paper will describe the process and demonstrate the findings from two recently completed bibliographies around pain in the older adult and pain in the terminal stages of palliative care. The benefits of this type of project will be discussed. Both bibliographies have been developed by a team of researchers within the University of Sheffield and are available for students to access as an educational tool. From the work collated within the bibliographies, the research team have been able to identify develop two research proposals that have been submitted for funding.