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Item Audit and feedback interventions involving pharmacists to influence prescribing behaviour in general practice : a systematic review and meta-analysis(2023-10-01) Carter, Mary; Abutheraa, Nouf; Ivers, Noah; Grimshaw, Jeremy; Chapman, Sarah; Rogers, Philip; Simeoni, Michelle; Antony, Jesmin; Watson, Margaret C; University of Aberdeen.Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition; University of Aberdeen.Other Applied Health Sciences; University of Aberdeen.Aberdeen Centre for Health Data ScienceItem A conceptual framework for patient-directed knowledge tools to support patient-centred care : Results from an evidence-informed consensus meeting(2019-10) Dreesens, Dunja; Stiggelbout, Anne; Agoritsas, Thomas; Elwyn, Glyn; Flottorp, Signe; Grimshaw, Jeremy; Kremer, Leontien; Santesso, Nancy; Stacey, Dawn; Treweek, Shaun; Armstrong, Melissa; Gagliardi, Anna; Hill, Sophie; Légaré, France; Ryan, Rebecca; Vandvik, Per; van der Weijden, Trudy; University of Aberdeen.Institute of Applied Health Sciences; University of Aberdeen.Aberdeen Centre for EvaluationItem The relationship between organisational characteristics and the effects of clinical guidelines on medical performance in hospitals, a meta-analysis(2006-04-28) Dijkstra, Rob; Wensing, Michel; Thomas, Ruth; Akkermans, Reinier; Braspenning, Joze; Grimshaw, Jeremy; Grol, Richard; University of Aberdeen.Other Applied Health Sciences; University of Aberdeen.Institute of Applied Health SciencesItem An intervention modelling experiment to change GPs’ intentions to implement evidence-based practice : using theory-based interventions to promote GP management of upper respiratory tract infection without prescribing antibiotics #2(2008-01-14) Hrisos, Susan; Eccles, Martin; Johnston, Marie; Francis, Jill; Kaner, Eileen F S; Steen, Nick; Grimshaw, Jeremy; University of Aberdeen.Other Applied Health SciencesItem Applying psychological theories to evidence-based clinical practice : identifying factors predictive of placing preventive fissure sealants(2010-04-08) Bonetti, Debbie; Johnston, Marie; Clarkson, Jan E.; Grimshaw, Jeremy; Pitts, Nigel B.; Eccles, Martin; Steen, Nick; Thomas, Ruth; Maclennan, Graeme; Glidewell, Elizabeth; Walker, Anne Elizabeth; University of Aberdeen.Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition; University of Aberdeen.Psychology; University of Aberdeen.Other Applied Health Sciences; University of Aberdeen.Institute of Applied Health SciencesItem Developing the content of two behavioural interventions : using theory-based interventions to promote GP management of upper respiratory tract infection without prescribing antibiotics #1(BioMed Central, 2008-01-14) Hrisos, Susan; Eccles, Martin P.; Johnston, Marie; Francis, Jillian Joy; Kaner, Eileen F.; Steen, Nick; Grimshaw, JeremyBackground: Evidence shows that antibiotics have limited effectiveness in the management of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) yet GPs continue to prescribe antibiotics. Implementation research does not currently provide a strong evidence base to guide the choice of interventions to promote the uptake of such evidence-based practice by health professionals. While systematic reviews demonstrate that interventions to change clinical practice can be effective, heterogeneity between studies hinders generalisation to routine practice. Psychological models of behaviour change that have been used successfully to predict variation in behaviour in the general population can also predict the clinical behaviour of healthcare professionals. The purpose of this study was to design two theoretically-based interventions to promote the management of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) without prescribing antibiotics. Method: Interventions were developed using a systematic, empirically informed approach in which we: selected theoretical frameworks; identified modifiable behavioural antecedents that predicted GPs intended and actual management of URTI; mapped these target antecedents on to evidence-based behaviour change techniques; and operationalised intervention components in a format suitable for delivery by postal questionnaire. Results: We identified two psychological constructs that predicted GP management of URTI: "Self-efficacy," representing belief in one's capabilities, and "Anticipated consequences," representing beliefs about the consequences of one's actions. Behavioural techniques known to be effective in changing these beliefs were used in the design of two paper-based, interactive interventions. Intervention 1 targeted self-efficacy and required GPs to consider progressively more difficult situations in a "graded task" and to develop an "action plan" of what to do when next presented with one of these situations. Intervention 2 targeted anticipated consequences and required GPs to respond to a "persuasive communication" containing a series of pictures representing the consequences of managing URTI with and without antibiotics. Conclusion: It is feasible to systematically develop theoretically-based interventions to change professional practice. Two interventions were designed that differentially target generalisable constructs predictive of GP management of URTI. Our detailed and scientific rationale for the choice and design of our interventions will provide a basis for understanding any effects identified in their evaluation. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00376142Item Translating clinicians' beliefs into implementation interventions (TRACII) : a protocol for an intervention modeling experiment to change clinicians' intentions to implement evidence-based practice(BioMed Central, 2007-08-16) Eccles, Martin P.; Johnston, Marie; Hrisos, Susan; Francis, Jillian Joy; Grimshaw, Jeremy; Steen, Nick; Kaner, Eileen F.Background: Biomedical research constantly produces new findings, but these are not routinely incorporated into health care practice. Currently, a range of interventions to promote the uptake of emerging evidence are available. While their effectiveness has been tested in pragmatic trials, these do not form a basis from which to generalise to routine care settings. Implementation research is the scientific study of methods to promote the uptake of research findings, and hence to reduce inappropriate care. As clinical practice is a form of human behaviour, theories of human behaviour that have proved to be useful in other settings offer a basis for developing a scientific rationale for the choice of interventions. Aims: The aims of this protocol are 1) to develop interventions to change beliefs that have already been identified as antecedents to antibiotic prescribing for sore throats, and 2) to experimentally evaluate these interventions to identify those that have the largest impact on behavioural intention and behavioural simulation. Design: The clinical focus for this work will be the management of uncomplicated sore throat in general practice. Symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections are common presenting features in primary care. They are frequently treated with antibiotics, and research evidence is clear that antibiotic treatment offers little or no benefit to otherwise healthy adult patients. Reducing antibiotic prescribing in the community by the "prudent" use of antibiotics is seen as one way to slow the rise in antibiotic resistance, and appears safe, at least in children. However, our understanding of how to do this is limited. Participants will be general medical practitioners. Two theory-based interventions will be designed to address the discriminant beliefs in the prescribing of antibiotics for sore throat, using empirically derived resources. The interventions will be evaluated in a 2 × 2 factorial randomised controlled trial delivered in a postal questionnaire survey. Two outcome measures will be assessed: behavioural intention and behavioural simulation.Item Testing a TheoRY-inspired MEssage ('TRY-ME') : a sub-trial within the Ontario Printed Educational Message (OPEM) trial(BioMed Central, 2007-11-26) Francis, Jillian Joy; Grimshaw, Jeremy; Zwarenstein, Merrick; Eccles, Martin P.; Shiller, Susan; Godin, Gaston; Johnston, Marie; O'Rourke, Keith; Presseau, Justin; Tetroe, Jacqueline; University of Aberdeen, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Division of Applied Health SciencesBackground: A challenge for implementation researchers is to develop principles that could generate testable hypotheses that apply across a range of clinical contexts, thus leading to generalisability of findings. Such principles may be provided by systematically developed theories. The opportunity has arisen to test some of these theoretical principles in the Ontario Printed Educational Materials (OPEM) trial by conducting a sub-trial within the existing trial structure. OPEM is a large factorial cluster-randomised trial evaluating the effects of short directive and long discursive educational messages embedded into informed, an evidence-based newsletter produced in Canada by the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES) and mailed to all primary care physicians in Ontario. The content of educational messages in the sub-trial will be constructed using both standard methods and methods inspired by psychological theory. The aim of this study is to test the effectiveness of the TheoRY-inspired MEssage ('TRY-ME') compared with the 'standard' message in changing prescribing behaviour. Methods: The OPEM trial participants randomised to receive the short directive message attached to the outside of informed (an 'outsert') will be sub-randomised to receive either a standard message or a message informed by the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) using a two (long insert or no insert) by three (theory-based outsert or standard outsert or no outsert) design. The messages will relate to prescription of thiazide diuretics as first line drug treatment for hypertension (described in the accompanying protocol, "The Ontario Printed Educational Materials trial"). The short messages will be developed independently by two research teams. The primary outcome is prescription of thiazide diuretics, measured by routinely collected data available within ICES. The study is designed to answer the question, is there any difference in guideline adherence (i.e., thiazide prescription rates) between physicians in the six groups? A process evaluation survey instrument based on the TPB will be administered pre- and post-intervention (described in the accompanying protocol, "Looking inside the black box"). The second research question concerns processes that may underlie observed differences in prescribing behaviour. We expect that effects of the messages on prescribing behaviour will be mediated through changes in physicians' cognitions.Item The development of a theory-based intervention to promote appropriate disclosure of a diagnosis of dementia(BioMed Central, 2007-12-19) Foy, Robbie; Francis, Jillian Joy; Johnston, Marie; Eccles, Martin P.; Lecouturier, Jan; Bamford, Claire; Grimshaw, JeremyBackground: The development and description of interventions to change professional practice are often limited by the lack of an explicit theoretical and empirical basis. We set out to develop an intervention to promote appropriate disclosure of a diagnosis of dementia based on theoretical and empirical work. Methods: We identified three key disclosure behaviours: finding out what the patient already knows or suspects about their diagnosis; using the actual words 'dementia' or 'Alzheimer's disease' when talking to the patient; and exploring what the diagnosis means to the patient. We conducted a questionnaire survey of older peoples' mental health teams (MHTs) based upon theoretical constructs from the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and used the findings to identify factors that predicted mental health professionals' intentions to perform each behaviour. We selected behaviour change techniques likely to alter these factors. Results: The change techniques selected were: persuasive communication to target subjective norm; behavioural modelling and graded tasks to target self-efficacy; persuasive communication to target attitude towards the use of explicit terminology when talking to the patient; and behavioural modelling by MHTs to target perceived behavioural control for finding out what the patient already knows or suspects and exploring what the diagnosis means to the patient. We operationalised these behaviour change techniques using an interactive 'pen and paper' intervention designed to increase intentions to perform the three target behaviours. Conclusion : It is feasible to develop an intervention to change professional behaviour based upon theoretical models, empirical data and evidence based behaviour change techniques. The next step is to evaluate the effect of such an intervention on behavioural intention. We argue that this approach to development and reporting of interventions will contribute to the science of implementation by providing replicable interventions that illuminate the principles and processes underlying change.Item Looking inside the black box : a theory-based process evaluation alongside a randomised controlled trial of printed educational materials (the Ontario printed educational message, OPEM) to improve referral and prescribing practices in primary care in Ontario, Canada(BioMed Central, 2007-11-26) Grimshaw, Jeremy; Zwarenstein, Merrick; Tetroe, Jacqueline; Godin, Gaston; Graham, Ian D.; Lemyre, Louise; Eccles, Martin P.; Johnston, Marie; Francis, Jillian Joy; Hux, Jan; O'Rourke, Keith; Legare, France; Presseau, JustinBackground: Randomised controlled trials of implementation strategies tell us whether (or not) an intervention results in changes in professional behaviour but little about the causal mechanisms that produce any change. Theory-based process evaluations collect data on theoretical constructs alongside randomised trials to explore possible causal mechanisms and effect modifiers. This is similar to measuring intermediate endpoints in clinical trials to further understand the biological basis of any observed effects (for example, measuring lipid profiles alongside trials of lipid lowering drugs where the primary endpoint could be reduction in vascular related deaths). This study protocol describes a theory-based process evaluation alongside the Ontario Printed Educational Message (OPEM) trial. We hypothesize that the OPEM interventions are most likely to operate through changes in physicians' behavioural intentions due to improved attitudes or subjective norms with little or no change in perceived behavioural control. We will test this hypothesis using a well-validated social cognition model, the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) that incorporates these constructs. Methods/design: We will develop theory-based surveys using standard methods based upon the TPB for the second and third replications, and survey a subsample of Ontario family physicians from each arm of the trial two months before and six months after the dissemination of the index edition of informed, the evidence based newsletter used for the interventions. In the third replication, our study will converge with the "TRY-ME" protocol (a second study conducted alongside the OPEM trial), in which the content of educational messages was constructed using both standard methods and methods informed by psychological theory. We will modify Dillman's total design method to maximise response rates. Preliminary analyses will initially assess the internal reliability of the measures and use regression to explore the relationships between predictor and dependent variable (intention to advise diabetic patients to have annual retinopathy screening and to prescribe thiazide diuretics for first line treatment of uncomplicated hypertension). We will then compare groups using methods appropriate for comparing independent samples to determine whether there have been changes in the predicted constructs (attitudes, subjective norms, or intentions) across the study groups as hypothesised, and will assess the convergence between the process evaluation results and the main trial results.