Bergamaschi, LauraMescia, FedericaTurner, LorindaHanson, Aimee L.Kotagiri, PrasantiDunmore, Benjamin J.Ruffieux, HélèneSa, Aloka DeHuhn, OisínMorgan, Michael D.Gerber, Pehuén PereyraWills, Mark R.Baker, StephenCalero-Nieto, Fernando J.Doffinger, RainerDougan, GordonElmer, AnneGoodfellow, Ian G.Gupta, Ravindra K.Hosmillo, MyraHunter, KelvinKingston, NathalieLehner, Paul J.Matheson, Nicholas J.Nicholson, Jeremy K.Petrunkina, Anna M.Richardson, SylviaSaunders, CarolineThaventhiran, James E.D.Toonen, Erik J.M.Weekes, Michael P.Göttgens, BertholdToshner, MarkHess, ChristophBradley, John R.Lyons, Paul A.Smith, Kenneth G.C.Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease-National Institute of Health Research (CITIID-NIHR) Covid BioResource Collaboration2023-03-092023-03-092021-06-08Bergamaschi, L, Mescia, F, Turner, L, Hanson, A L, Kotagiri, P, Dunmore, B J, Ruffieux, H, Sa, A D, Huhn, O, Morgan, M D, Gerber, P P, Wills, M R, Baker, S, Calero-Nieto, F J, Doffinger, R, Dougan, G, Elmer, A, Goodfellow, I G, Gupta, R K, Hosmillo, M, Hunter, K, Kingston, N, Lehner, P J, Matheson, N J, Nicholson, J K, Petrunkina, A M, Richardson, S, Saunders, C, Thaventhiran, J E D, Toonen, E J M, Weekes, M P, Göttgens, B, Toshner, M, Hess, C, Bradley, J R, Lyons, P A, Smith, K G C & Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease-National Institute of Health Research (CITIID-NIHR) Covid BioResource Collaboration 2021, 'Longitudinal analysis reveals that delayed bystander CD8+ T cell activation and early immune pathology distinguish severe COVID-19 from mild disease', Immunity, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 1257-1275.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.0101074-7613ORCID: /0000-0003-0757-0711/work/94584961https://hdl.handle.net/2164/20265Acknowledgements We thank all the patients and health care workers who consented to take part in this study. We are grateful to CVC Capital Partners, the Evelyn Trust (20/75), Addenbrooke's Charitable Trust, Cambridge University Hospitals (12/20A), the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, and the UKRI/NIHR through the UK Coronavirus Immunology Consortium (UK-CIC) for their financial support. Further support: K.G.C.S.: Wellcome Investigator Award (200871/Z/16/Z); M.P.W.: Wellcome Senior Clinical Research Fellowship (108070/Z/15/Z); C.H.: Wellcome COVID-19 Rapid Response DCF and the Fondation Botnar; N.M.: MRC (CSF MR/P008801/1), NHSBT (WPA15-02), and Addenbrooke's Charitable Trust, (grant ref. to 900239 NJM); I.G.G.: Wellcome Senior Fellowship and Wellcome grant (Ref: 207498/Z/17/Z); P.J.L.: Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellowship (084957/Z/08/Z) and MRC (MR/V011561/1); J.K.N.: The Spinnaker Healthcare Research Trust and the McCusker Foundation as part of Australian National Phenome Centre. P.K. is the recipient of a Jacquot Research Entry Scholarship of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians Foundation. We would like to thank the NIHR Cambridge Clinical Research Facility outreach team for enrollment of patients; the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Cell Phenotyping Hub and the CRUK Cambridge Institute flow cytometry core facility for flow and mass cytometry; and the Cambridge NIHR BRC Stratified Medicine Core Laboratory NGS Hub (supported by an MRC Clinical Infrastructure Award) for RNA sequencing.284408947engSDG 3 - Good Health and Well-beingSARS-CoV-2COVID-19bystander CD8+ T cellrecoveryimmune pathologysystemic inflammationcomplementTNF-αinterferonR MedicineQR180 ImmunologyImmunology and AllergyCell BiologyInfectious DiseasesBiochemistryNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR)UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)Wellcome Trust200871/Z/16/Z108070/Z/15/Z207498/Z/17/Z084957/Z/08/ZMedical Research Council (MRC)CSF MR/P008801/1MR/V011561/1OtherWPA15-02900239Supplementary Datahttps://www.covid19cellatlas.org/patient/citiid/EGAS00001005332FR-FCM-Z3XQFR-FCM-Z3SRFR-FCM-Z3STFR-FCM-Z3SSE-MTAB-10026RQR180Journal article10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.010https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.010https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC8125900546