MacLeod, Colin D.MacLeod, RossLearmonth, Jennifer A.Cresswell, WillPierce, Graham J.2016-03-252016-03-252014-07MacLeod, C D, MacLeod, R, Learmonth, J A, Cresswell, W & Pierce, G J 2014, 'Predicting population-level risk effects of predation from the responses of individuals', Ecology, vol. 95, no. 7, pp. 2006-2015. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-1795.10012-9658http://hdl.handle.net/2164/5731Date of Acceptance: 17/12/2014 This work formed part of the EU-funded BIOCET project (Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in small cetaceans in European waters: transport pathways and impact on reproduction, EVK3-2000-00027). We are grateful to our Project Officer, Cathy Eccles, for her support. The UK marine mammal strandings program, funded by DEFRA as part of its commitment to the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic and North Seas, supported attendance at strandings and necropsies. We thank Tony Patterson and Robert Reid for their contributions to data collection in Scotland. R. MacLeod is supported by a Royal Society of Edinburgh Scottish Government Research Fellowship. C. D. MacLeod and R. MacLeod contributed equally to this study and are regarded as joint first authors.10380416engbottlenose dolphinTursiops truncatesharbor porpoisePhocoena phocoenaindirect effects individual-based theorylethal porpoise dolphin interactionsmass-dependent predation risknonconsumptive effectsnonlethal predator effectssandeelAmmodytes marinusScotlandstarvation-predation risk trade-offmediated indirect interactionsbottle-nosed dolphinsharbor porpoisesbody-masswintering birdsviolent interactionsrelative importanceParus-Majortrade-offQH301 BiologyQH301Journal article10.1890/13-1795.1957